LB Rudin.
Choral gift. Puzzles and opinions.
analytical review.
(Published in Russian otorinola-ringologiya. - 2004. - № 6. - S. 177-182.)
singing voice - a unique phenomenon that nature bestowed only human. The human voice, in fact, the phenomenon is so amazing and still largely mysterious, that we call it no other way than God's gift. The secrets of his origin tried to comprehend the many minds for several hundreds of years. Currently, accumulated huge amount of material on anatomy, physiology, research methods vocal apparatus, its diseases and their treatment. Despite this, the secret origin of the singing voice had still not grasped.
Vocal art is so deeply embedded in our everyday life, that voice seems to us as a frequent occurrence. Actually - it's amazing and extremely complex phenomenon that occurs when certain aggregate of multiple factors: genetic, anatomical, physical, psychological, social, etc. Only then arises what we call singing gift. Not for nothing, EN Malyutin noted that "... for the singer enough to have a healthy throat and a good ear; need some other data embodied in a person from birth by nature, and the corresponding overall development "[19]. Among the arts are widespread understanding of innate abilities and talents and that the development of abilities is an implementation of the genetic code [3]. Popular opinion and that voice its fullness and timbre are inherited as height, color of skin, hair and eyes. Hereditary traits - according to Mendel's laws - can be manifested not only in the first, but second, third and even fourth generation [20].
the first time the influence of genetic factors on the voice studied F . Bernstein and B . Schlaper in 1922 [30]. However, their conclusions did not stand the test of time. Subsequent studies were performed R . Schilling [41, 42], M . Seeman [45], L . Gedda et al . [33]. But many questions remained unanswered. Partly this is due to the fact that the researchers relied on the pathology of the vote, studying genetic preconditions for its occurrence.
similar trend identified by the fact that so far have been very few studies devoted to the inheritance vote. In this case, none of them was not extensive enough or categorical. R . Sataloff [40] conducted a computer search on the links in the 4 databases ( MedLine , Health , AidsLine , CancerLit ). For example, in the database MedLine since 1966 found only three articles that discussed the inheritance of voice disorders. The author notes the influence of genetic factors on voice quality. Some of them are specific to families and even nations. Only as a suggestion suggests the possibility of compiling genealogies in the study of voice quality in the home, describing how the norm and pathology. A doctor S . Gray general offers to create a national registry, coordinating these activities (ibid.).
singing talent is a private manifestation of a more general and complex concepts - musical talent. Vocal data as a sign of the body are influenced by those of numerous other factors that determine musical talent. The degree of manifestation of such combinations varies from household level to genius. That is why the presence of vocal data as such, it is interesting only in terms of the influence of genetic factors on its occurrence. And only in conjunction with the overall musicianship, social factors, intellectual development, etc., this phenomenon is of interest to address career guidance, professional selection and profprognoza, and taking into account the anatomical and family data to help diagnose foniatricheskoy vote.
problems can mankind has been doing for a long time - From the standpoint of medicine and psychology, theology and aesthetics. Back in 1575 in Spain published a book of Juan Uarte "Investigation of abilities in science." In 1581 the Inquisition forbade it. Talent - not the result of divine inspiration, claimed Uarte, its foundations laid in the structure of the individual.
detailed study abilities and talents of the book begins with a cousin of Charles Darwin - English scientist Francis Galton's "Hereditary talent" [6]. In the words of Galton's nature (« nature ») more valid than the food (« nurture »). Talents are not being made, and are born, ie, from the origin heredity is more important than the environment. He established a number of different classes of gifts, which rise from the middle class and above, as if leaning on one another and decreasing at the same time, in its relative abundance. According to calculations by the representatives of the Galton-class meet, approximately, as 1 of every 4 people, representatives of Class B - as 1 of 6 representatives of the class C as a 1 in 16 and so on, until we get to class X, which includes the most gifted people who found each of approximately as 1 in a million other less talented people.
to the conclusion that "... Like many others, and eminent scholars are born, rather than create ..." came and professor of the Petrograd University Y. Filipchenko [17] explore the numerous genealogies, borrowed from the archives of the Academy of Sciences and profiles of his contemporaries, treating them mathematically.
other work YA Filipchenko was a study of Leningrad the arts [26], which has made the following conclusions:
1) huge percentage of children who devote themselves to highly skilled professions;
2) relatively highly gifted in the sense of possessing special abilities. So the musicians are observed relatives with the same ability as the ascendant, and on down the line in 75% of cases;
3) stronger spread of some diseases - particularly mental illness.
interesting one output Y. Filipchenko [27]: "... and to all scientists in general, and among academics and among the arts, we saw that 80% of their children continue to go in terms of their professional activities in the footsteps of their parents. However, this figure is so high in large part caused by, It seems to us, not a hereditary predisposition, and tradition, and in fact, we think the percentage of children with intellectuals who keep his father's combination of the intellectuals of the genes (in terms of their numbers), barely above 50%. "
According EZ Strict, in the progeny of the positive number of marriages of all gifted 90.9% in the negative - 23,9%, but the only music in this group is not at all, and very musical - 4,6%. In matropozitivnyh marriages of gifted children 80,8%, 76,2% in patropozitivnyh [24].
to these problems in 1989, returned H . Coon and G . Carey . They studied the genetic and environmental determinants of musical abilities in twins. Were found obvious differences hereditary, though environment, it seemed, was more important than heredity. Recognizing that this study relates more to the voice quality characteristics and abilities, rather than to the structure of the vocal folds, it Yet it is appropriate to the study of genetics to vote [32].
currently leading position of the theory of abilities is the position that the ability formed in the activity, and birth may be just the makings to be understood as prerequisites or conditions for the development of abilities [3]. The most coherent and consistent system of fundamental concepts of abilities gave BM Heat [25]. He highlights the makings, the ability, talent and overall talent. SL Rubinstein [21] separates the notion of "hereditary" and "innate" makings. By hereditary means genetically determined anatomical and physiological features. Congenital makings characterize the anatomic and physiologic features at birth, resulting in utero.
Under the basic musical abilities usually understand musicality, sense of rhythm and musical memory. They form the core of musicianship. Musicality involves quite subtle, differentiated perception, "hearing" music. The main feature of musicality - the experience of music, the emotional responsiveness to music [25].
G . Revesz characterizes musicality: "musicianship is primary and essential property. It can not educate, and you can only develop. It is inherent and fundamental property of the organization man, gifted to her, and a characteristic feature of personality " [39]. C . Seashore brings musicality to the amount of relatively simple functions, but each of them considers to be innate and not amenable to education [44].
musical talent - is qualitatively peculiar combination of abilities, from which depends the possibility of successful training of musical activity. It is by no means limited to only one musical, and includes a number of other personality traits: power, wealth and initiative of the imagination, inspiration, focus, strong-willed characteristics, the degree of spiritual, intellectual and emotional content, etc. [25].
birth are not music ability, but the makings upon which these abilities develop. Musicality is a certain individual-psychological characteristics personality, which is a consequence of some combination of abilities. Can not be abilities that would not have evolved in the process of education and training. Music Man depends on his innate personal inclinations, but it is the result of development, the result of education and training. Music abilities do not exist independently of each other. Only as a result of scientific analysis, they are singled out as "individual ability". Can not therefore be one ability in the complete absence of others [25].
Returning to the issue of singing talent in this light, it is worth recalling the statement II Levidova: "The richer the natural material the singer, the more perfect he mastered them technically, what, finally, higher emotional and intellectual giftedness singer, the greater the number of modifications of their voices, with different colors, it can be used and, consequently, the more artistic, and therefore emotionally effective is its performance "[16].
Another important direction in the study of questions of heredity is compare the degree of similarity of monozygotic twins have identical genetic structure, with the degree of similarity by the same token, dizygotic twins. This method has been applied and to clarify the genetics of votes. The presence of a very close relationship between the size, structure of the larynx, as well as a range of and tone of voice of parents and the twins. The range of voices is almost identical twins, the difference is less than two semitones. Lung capacity and body size can be expressed very similar figures [20]. The length and width of the vocal cords in twins is the same, nose, ears and lips are very similar in shape and also very similar to the shape and position epiglottis from them. The openings leading into morganievye ventricles, have the same width [34]. The author specifically drew attention to the asymmetry in the structure of the nose, nasal septum and larynx: in 26 cases, an asymmetry was observed simultaneously in both twins, and only in 3 cases, only one of them. Monozygotic twins have very similar voices, dizygotic show the same differences that might be expected among any children of the same age [35].
Learning brain organization of creativity, it was shown that creativity (creative process) involves a wide range of different psychological abilities and personality traits. Creative activity is not homogeneous in composition and includes the various properties of thinking. Unlike in the brain provide creative and uncreative types of thinking manifests itself mainly to a greater activation of left hemisphere frontal lobe in creative activities. Creativity provided by a system of a large number of spatially distributed brain sections, and each link has a special role, and demonstrates specific nature of the activation [11].
great practical interest to study the TS Kniazeva et al [13], who determined that the music can be objectify. This method of diagnosis is the EEG. It is particularly important that the differences between musicians and nemuzykantami found not only in the process of musical activity, but above all in the ordinary household, the quiescent state, ie reveal hidden, impressive musicianship, which bears unconsciously unmanifested nature, as indicated by the presence of "music" of the EEG parameters. EEG allows for quantitative individual forecast of musicality and serve as a diagnostic tool.
Birth of a talented person endowed with certain instincts involve not only genetic but also by many other factors, plus, of course, a coincidence! Interesting in this context is the study of IV Alexakhina and AV Tkachenko [1]. The authors conducted a statistical analysis of biographical information about prominent people, comparing the age of the parents (in the year of birth of children) with the abilities of their children. It was found that maternal age at child's talent is not affected. Characterized by a completely different dependence of talent the age of the father. The probability of its occurrence in children is growing rapidly with increasing age of the father and the period from 20 to 50 years, it increased 10 times! Naturally, the This pattern does not mean that in the formation of the deposits of talent the determining role belongs to his father, his age may not be the sole parameter, finally determining the ability of future generations.
no less interesting work, ES Vinogradov [4, 5]. The author found that the ability of human strongly influenced by physical factors that are now undervalued. Most gifted people are born with moderate solar activity, ie during the rise and fall of solar activity in the 11-year cycle. It is known that during moderate sun has the highest number of sunny proton events (ATP), during which the geomagnetic field gets stronger perturbation (magnetic storms), and background radiation from the Earth increases by
100 - 1000 % On time from minutes to hours. An important aspect of forming human instincts have on the neighborhood of his birth. Thus, neural mikroseti formed at the latter stages of fetal development. Apparently, these processes are sensitive to magnetic storms and splashes of space radiation. Then, during the ATP, an increase of fertility of gifted people.
G . A . Newland [37], R . Bharadway [31] found that on average, creative the ability of women is slightly higher than men's. A R . Prentky [38] notes that, despite the fact that women in the experimental studies demonstrate better results than men, the real creativity of more than the latter.
For musicians characterized by a weak type of nervous system that, apparently, is the enabling framework for achieving success in musical activities [9]. This agrees with evidence that the structure of creative abilities, there are characteristics that are closely related to the properties of temperament [22].
Grigor'ev [7, 8] studied the problem of talent, notes that the person - it's holistic center. Unique human person must comply with and unique biochemical complex as a whole: among the infinite biochemical individuality suddenly arises and that combination, which can serve as the biological basis of genius, yet only a basis from which the work and social environment must, as from a block of marble, cut out shape of the future of genius. Much of this is determined by a complex biochemical genotype - the basis of individuality, but only the foundation. All the way ontogeny this genetic information will edit their physicochemical pencil environment.
interaction of genotype with the environment - one of the most complex issues of genetics. Besides, getting this or that combination of genes and biochemical respectively complex corresponding to the talented singers, actors, musicians, etc., largely a matter of chance [28].
first year of life is a very important step for the development of voice-speech reactions in children. Among the factors that cause them, allocate social and non-social. The social situation - talk to each adult or child with a friend,
nesotsial-valued - the situation with a toy in active movements and spontaneous vokalizirovanie. In social situations, voice activity indicator 5 - 8 times higher than in non-social, indicating a large and early emerging needs of children in speech communication with adults and children [15]. Established that children with relatively stable and high voice activity is better developed for all indicators of neuro-psychological development [14]. Active behavior child due to the flow of kinesthetic impulses stimulates the activity of the speech motor apparatus [20]. The best stimulation vokalizirovaniya achieved with a rational combination of verbal communication with children with the creation of optimal conditions for active waking [15].
With age, the child manifests diverse activity and thus develops his thinking and speech emerges. For speech characterized by the appearance of consonant sounds, syllables and words that to some extent, to change her vocal, sonority, and gives it special characteristics. In this connection, nationalities, we are full of consonants, such as the English, learning to sing less common. Conversely, where it abounds in vowels, it is more vocal, more sonorous (Ukrainians, Italians) [10].
Toddlers particularly easy to perceive and learn music and vocal skills. This is due to early development of imitative instincts, which is associated with the mobility of nervous processes, speed of formation of temporary connections and are particularly susceptible. Most accessible to the child musical activities - singing. From an early age a child imitating an adult, seeks to reproduce simple melodies. Therefore, even in toddlers Children need to hear about him the soft, quietly talking and singing voices [10, 18].
produced studies have shown that singing has beneficial effect on the child's body. Subject to the rules of voting, it is a kind of gymnastics, which promotes correct Development of the chest, the regulation function of the cardiovascular system, as well as equips children with artistic and aesthetic skills [10].
Early Childhood Development speech, extensive vocabulary, good memory, along with other signs can talk about a gifted child [23]. The high creative potential as well say: persistent cognitive motivation, cognitive activity, lead to the development of thinking, expressed the desire for creativity in the game, and other activities [23, 2].
Musical ability may begin to manifest themselves before others. The first manifestations of them in some cases, there is in the first year of life. In the third year of life, in some cases can be observed quite a high development of the melodic ear and a sense of rhythm. Early manifestation musical abilities, undoubtedly, is one indicator of a good musical talent, but can not be assumed that the absence of such early manifestations of what or as an indication of weakness, or more so lack of musical abilities. The possibility of early manifestations of music ability depends not only on the inclinations of the child, but also on the degree of "musicality" of the environment in which the child spends his early years [25].
in 1916 Konn argued that "... the musical abilities are much more common than expected ..." and that "... the vast majority of Children lose their musical abilities due to lack of training the ear and mind in the most susceptible to this age "(quoted by M . Schoen , [43]).
In all cases, very early development of musical talent we have, or direct care of the parents of the musical development of the child, or at least, sufficient wealth of musical experience. Many children have musical talent first began to develop only as a result of systematic pedagogical work, and that in any case is not a sign of the weakness of these abilities [25].
If innate inclinations of the child are not conducive to easy development of any one of the major powers, then this may prevent the development and abilities of others. The most frequently for singing so inhibiting factor is the weakness of auditory representations. It can so impede this process, which decreases the possibility of development and another emotional component of the musical ear, for which, perhaps, there are very good credentials. But it is enough to eliminate the main brake and the same hour are found the beautiful vocal and other details of the child [25].
Some authors have come to a complete denial of the problem of musical giftedness. So S . F . Nadel admitted that musicianship requires certain physiological assumptions, but notes that these premises do not exceed much those who are present in every normal man [36].
No child can not be regarded as hopelessly non-music until he not given the opportunity of music education. In the musical talent, much depends on practice [29].
Indeed, in practice most often occurs phenomenon of "average" gifted child. This is caused by several reasons, only some of which can be removed using the optimal strategy for each child education and training. Mass school, often ignoring the individuality of the student, does not give opportunities for development, for strengthening creativity. System of education "middle child" actually leads to a blurring of individual abilities [12].
Another, no less important and no less mysterious stage in the formation of voice data is a mutation period. It was about him in the magazine "Russian otorhinolaryngology», № 4, 2003.
Thus, analysis of the literature suggests that the art of singing - it is a complex psychophysiological process that has its basis in genetic background, experiencing the impact of numerous other factors. Understanding the complexity of the problem, not only dictates the need to further her studies, but also contributes solve many practical problems Phoniatrics: career guidance, professional selection, profprognoza, vocational training, diagnosis rates, etc.
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